Neuromodulation Techniques
Neuromodulation uses targeted techniques to influence brain activity, offering at times impressive effects with minimal side effects. EEG neurofeedback and fNIRS harness real-time brain signals for self-regulation training, while others apply gentle energy—all making this an attractive option for some alongside therapy and medication when traditional treatments fall short.
NEUROMODULATION 01tDCS (Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation) - just approved by FDA 12/25
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) applies low-intensity current via scalp electrodes to modulate brain excitability, best studied for major depressive disorder, anxiety, and ADHD-related cognitive enhancement. CE-marked in Europe since ~2019 with extensive safety data, see trial summaries at tDCS Database. FDA approved for Major Depressive Disorder on December 2025.
NEUROMODULATION 02PBM (Photobiomodulation)
Photobiomodulation (PBM) uses near-infrared or red light on the skull to enhance mitochondrial function and reduce neuroinflammation, best studied for depression, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive decline. With an appealing safety profile, see this 2024 meta-analysis of 11 RCTs showing significant depression improvement: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10866010/
NEUROMODULATION 03qEEG Mapping and Neurofeedback
Quantitative EEG (qEEG) mapping identifies individualized brainwave patterns, while neurofeedback trains self-regulation via real-time feedback, best studied for ADHD, anxiety, depression, PTSD, and peak performance. With decades of safety data, see ISNR's comprehensive bibliography across indications.
NEUROMODULATION 04TMS (Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) uses magnetic pulses to stimulate targeted brain regions, FDA-approved since 2008 for major depressive disorder (MDD) and best studied for treatment-resistant depression, OCD, anxiety, smoking cessation, and chronic pain. With a robust safety profile, see the Clinical TMS Society’s consensus review.
NEUROMODULATION 05HRF PPG (Hemodynamic Response Function Change Using Photopletysmography)
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), also known as HRF PPG (Hemodynamic Response Function Change using Photoplethysmography), measures and trains prefrontal cortex blood flow changes for self-regulation, emerging for depression, anxiety, ADHD, and emotional regulation. See this recent systematic review/meta-analysis.